Archive/File: orgs/canadian/canada/justice/disproportionate-harm/dh-000-00 Last-Modified: 1997/01/17 Source: Department of Justice Canada WORKING DOCUMENT DISPROPORTIONATE HARM: HATE CRIME IN CANADA An Analysis of Recent Statistics Julian V. Roberts Department of Criminology University of Ottawa 1995 WDl99F11e UNEDITED The present study was funded by the Research and Statistics Section and the Law Reform Fund, Department of Justice Canada. The views expressed herein are solely those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the Department of Justice Canada. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS orgs/canadian/canada/justice/disproportionate-harm/dh-000-01 and orgs/canadian/canada/justice/disproportionate-harm/dh-000-02: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY orgs/canadian/canada/justice/disproportionate-harm/dh-001: 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Purpose of Report 1.2 The Issue of Disproportionate Harm 1.3 Victims' Rights and Responses orgs/canadian/canada/justice/disproportionate-harm/dh-002-01: 2.0 METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES 2.1 Hate Crimes: The Problem of Definition 2.2 Hate Crime Definitions in Other Jurisdictions 2.2.1 United Kingdom 2.2.2 United States 2.3 Hate/Bias Crime Definitions used in Canada 2.4 Towards a Uniform Definition orgs/canadian/canada/justice/disproportionate-harm/dh-002-02: 2.5 Relationship between Hate Crime Definitions and the Sentencing Reform Bill 2.6 Limitations on Official Hate Crime Statistics 2.6.1 Unreported Crimes 2.6.1.1 Reporting Rates of Hate Crimes in Other Jurisdictions 2.6.2 Classification Problems 2.7 Data Sources orgs/canadian/canada/justice/disproportionate-harm/dh-003-01: 3.0 FINDINGS 3.1 Hate Crimes in Other Jurisdictions 3.1.1 United States 3.1.2 United Kingdom 3.1.2.1 British Crime Survey (BCS) 3.2 Canada 3.2. 1 Hate Crime Statistics Recorded by the Police orgs/canadian/canada/justice/disproportionate-harm/dh-003-02: 3.2.1.1 Toronto 3.2.1.2 Police de la Communaute urbaine de Montreal orgs/canadian/canada/justice/disproportionate-harm/dh-003-03: 3.2.1.3 Ottawa 3.2.1.4 Ontario Provincial Police 3.2.1.5 Surete du Quebec 3.2.1.6 City of Halifax Police Department 3.2.1.7 Edmonton Police Service 3.2.1.8 Police Agencies 3.2.2 Aggregate Trends orgs/canadian/canada/justice/disproportionate-harm/dh-003-04: 3.2.2.1 B'nai Brith Data 3.2.2.2 Hate Crimes Directed at Gays and Lesbians orgs/canadian/canada/justice/disproportionate-harm/dh-004-01 4.0 DISCUSSION 4.1 Hate Crime Statistics: Data Collection Issues 4.2 Advantages of Collecting National Data 4.2.1 Consistency 4.2.2 Recognition of Harm 4.2.3 Integrating Different Components of the Criminal Justice System 4.2.4 Ensuring That All Target Groups are Covered 4.2.5 Utility to Local Communities 4.2.6 Following Best Practices Elsewhere 4.3 Disadvantages of National Collection 4.3.1 Resources orgs/canadian/canada/justice/disproportionate-harm/dh-004-02 4.3.2 Duplication 4.4 National Integration of Hate Crime Statistics 4.4.1 Encourage Different Groups to Collect Their Own Statistics 4.4.2 Special Studies Approach 4.4.3 Modifying the Revised Uniform Crime Reporting System 4.5 United States Hate Crime Act orgs/canadian/canada/justice/disproportionate-harm/dh-004-03 4.6 Canadian Hate Crime Statistics Act (Proposed) 4.7 Classification of Hate Crimes 4.8 Police Training Initiative orgs/canadian/canada/justice/disproportionate-harm/dh-004-04 4.9 Non-criminal Justice Agencies 4.10 Research Priorities Relating to Hate Crimes 4.10.1 Survey of Community Attitudes 4.10.2 Victimization Surveys 4.10.3 Criminal Justice Processing of Hate-motivated Crimes 4.10.4 Case Law Analysis of Sentencing Decisions in Hate Crime Sentences 4.10.5 Offender Profile Analysis 4.10.6 Public Opinion Survey of Attitudes Towards Hate-motivated Crimes orgs/canadian/canada/justice/disproportionate-harm/dh-005: 5.0 RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION 5.1 Recommendations 5.2 Conclusion orgs/canadian/canada/justice/disproportionate-harm/dh-006-01: BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDICES orgs/canadian/canada/justice/disproportionate-harm/dh-007-01: orgs/canadian/canada/justice/disproportionate-harm/dh-007-02: Appendix A Data Tables orgs/canadian/canada/justice/disproportionate-harm/dh-007-03: Appendix B _United States Hate Crimes Statistics Act_ orgs/canadian/canada/justice/disproportionate-harm/dh-007-04: Appendix C Canadian _Hate Crimes Statistics Act_ orgs/canadian/canada/justice/disproportionate-harm/dh-007-05: Appendix D List of Hate Crime Contact Agencies and Persons ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This document was written to fulfil the terms of service contract 94-11-63 with the Department of Justice Canada. I would like to thank all the groups and individuals who supplied information to me, or who provided comments on earlier drafts of this report.[Address omitted]
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