Disproportionate Harm:
Hate Crime in Canada

Julian Roberts
Department of Criminology
University of Ottawa
(1995 Working Paper)

Disproportionate Harm: Hate Crime in Canada
An Analysis of Recent Statistics

The present study was funded by the Research and Statistics Section and the Law Reform Fund, Department of Justice Canada. The views expressed herein are solely those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the Department of Justice Canada.

• Executive Summary
• Summary of Recommendations
• Introduction (Includes following)
  • Purpose of Report
  • The Issue of Disproportionate Harm
  • Victims' Rights & Responses
• Methodological Issues (Includes following)
  • Hate Crimes: The Problem of Definition
  • Hate Crime Definition in Other Jurisdictions
    • United Kingdom
    • United States
  • Hate/Bias Crime Definitions used in Canada
  • Towards a Uniform Definition
  • Relationship Between Hate Crime Definitions and the Sentencing Reform Bill (Includes following)
  • Limitations on Official Hate Crime Statistics
    • Unreported Crimes
      • Reporting Rates of Hate Crimes in Other Jurisdictions
    • Classification Problems
  • Data Sources
• Findings (Includes following)
  • Hate Crimes in Other Jurisdictions
    • United States
    • United Kingdom
      • British Crime Survey (BCS)
    • Canada
      • Hate Crime Statistics Recorded by the Police
        • Toronto and Montreal
        • Ottawa, Ontario, Quebec, Halifax, Edmonton, plus Aggregate Trends
        • B'nai Brith Data, and Hate Crimes Directed at Gays and Lesbians
• Discussion
  • Hate Crime Statistics: Data Collection Issues
  • Advantages of Collecting National Data
    • Consistency
    • Recognition of Harm
    • Integrating Different Components of the Criminal Justice System
    • Ensuring That All Target Groups are Covered
    • Utility to Local Communities
    • Following Best Practices Elsewhere
  • Disadvantages of National Collection
    • Resources
    • Duplication
  • National Integration of Hate Crime Statistics
    • Encourage Different Groups to Collect Their Own Statistics
    • Special Studies Approach
    • Modifying the Revised Uniform Crime Reporting System
  • United States Hate Crime Act
  • Canadian Hate Crime Statistics Act (Proposed)
  • Classification of Hate Crimes
  • Police Training Initiative
  • Non-criminal Justice Agencies
  • Research Priorities Relating to Hate Crimes
    • Survey of Community Attitudes
    • Victimization Surveys
    • Criminal Justice Processing of Hate-motivated Crimes
    • Case Law Analysis of Sentencing Decisions in Hate Crime Sentences
    • Offender Profile Analysis
    • Public Opinion Survey of Attitudes Towards Hate-motivated Crimes
• Recommendations & Conclusion
• Bibliography
• Appendix
  • Tables 1 through 9
  • Tables 10 through 19
  • United States Hate Crimes Statistics Act
  • Canadian Hate Crimes Statistics Act
  • List of Hate Crime Contact Agencies

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This document was written to fulfil the terms of service contract 94-11-63 with the Department of Justice Canada. I would like to thank all the groups and individuals who supplied information to me, or who provided comments on earlier drafts of this report. [Julian Roberts - addresses omitted]

The original plaintext version of this file is available via ftp.

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