57. W.G. Smith, A Study in Canadian Immigration (Toronto: The Ryerson Press, 1920).
58. J.S. Woodsworth, Strangers within Our Gates (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1970, originally published in 1909).
59. Milton M. Gordon, Assimilation in American Life, (London: Oxford University Press, 1963).
60 Alan Young and Marc Gold, The Criminal Law and Religious and Cultural Minorities (Ottawa: Law Reform Commission of Canada, 1991), at 14.
61. Ibid, at 22-23.
62. Etherington, Review of Multiculturalism.
63 Ibid.
64 Cited in Jeremy Waldron, "Minority Cultures and the Cosmopolitan Alternative," University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, 25(3) (1992), at 757.
65. Etherington, Review of Multiculturalism.
66. Young and Gold, The Criminal Law; and Law Refonn Commission of Canada, Criminal Law Issues Involving Religion and Conscience (Ottawa, 1991).
67. Etherington, Review of Multiculturalism.
68. Ibid.
69. Ibid.
70.Ibid.
71. Ibid.
72. Cited in Etherington, Ibid.
73. Law Reforrn Commission of Canada, Criminal Law Issues, at 23-24.
74. Etherington, Review of Multiculturalism.
75. Sebastian Poulter, "Ethnic Minority Customs, English Law and Human Rights," International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 36 (1987).
76. J. Hampton, "Going to Grannie's," The New Internationalist (February 1993), at 16.
77. S. Armstrong, "Female Circumcision: Fighting a Cruel Tradition," New Scientist (February 1991), at 42.
78. Poulter, "Ethnic Minority Cultures," at 602.
79. Etherington, Review of Multiculturalism.
80. The same issue arises with respect to religious cults and sects, although it is equally pertinent to ethnic groups which may be defined largely by religious aspects.
81. Etherington, Review of Multiculturalism.
82. Ibid.
83. Ibid.
84. Ibid.
85. Ibid.
86. Ibid.
87. Young and Gold, The Criminal Law, at 87-93.
88. Ibid, at 141-143.
89. Etherington, _Review of Multiculturalism_.
90. See chapter two (2.1.1).
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