Hitler [Transcription note: Bracketed [Page] links provide access
to the individual images from which these transcriptions were
made]
[Page 140: Title Page]
[Page 141]
The world has come to know Adolph Hitler for his insatiable greed for
power, his ruthlessness, cruelty and utter lack-of feeling, his contempt
for established institutions and his lack of moral restraints. In the
course of relatively few years he has contrived to usurp such tremendous
power that a few veiled threats, accusations or insinuations were
sufficient to make the world tremble. In open defiance of treaties he
occupied huge territories and conquered millions of people without even
firing a shot. When the world became tired of being frightened and
concluded that it was all a bluff, he initiated the most brutal and
devastating war in history - a war which, for a time, threatened the
complete destruction of our civilization. Human life and human
suffering seem to leave this individual completely untouched as he
plunges along the course he believes he was predestined to take.
Earlier in his career the world had watched him with amusement. Many
people refused to take him seriously on the grounds that "he could
not possibly last." As one action after another met with amazing success
and the measure of the man became more obvious, this amusement was
transformed into incredulousness. To most people it seemed inconceivable
that such things could actually happen in our modern civilization. Hitler,
the leader of these activities, became generally regarded as a madman,
if not inhuman. Such a conclusion, concerning the nature of our enemy,
may be satisfactory from the point of view
[Page 142]
of the man in the street. It gives him a feeling of satisfaction to
pigeon-hole an incomprehensible individual in one category or another.
Having classified him in this way, he feels that the problem is
completely solved. All we need to do is to eliminate the madman from
the scene of activities, replace him with a sane individual, and the world will again return to a normal and peaceful state of affairs.
This naive view, however, is wholly inadequate for those who are
delegated to conduct the war against Germany or for those who will be
delegated to deal with the situation when the war is over. They cannot
content themselves with simply regarding Hitler as a personal devil and
condemning him to an Eternal Hell in order that the remainder of the
world may live in peace and quiet. They will realize that the madness of
the part of wholly the actions of a single individual but that a
reciprocal relationship exists between the Fuehrer and the people and
that the madness of the one stimulates and flows into the other and vice
versa. It was not only Hitler, the madman, who created German madness,
but German madness which created Hitler. Having created him as its
spokesman and leader, it has been carried along by his momentum, perhaps
far beyond the point where it was originally prepared to go.
Nevertheless, it continues to follow his lead in spite of the fact that
it must be obvious to all intelligent people now that his path leads
to inevitable destruction.
[Page 143]
From a scientific point of view, therefore, we are forced to consider
Hitler, the Fuehrer, not as a personal devil, wicked as his actions and
philosophy may be, but as the expression of a state of mind existing in
millions of people, not only in Germany but, to a smaller degree, in all
civilized countries. To remove Hitler may be a necessary first step, but
it would not be the cure. It would be analogous to curing an ulcer without
treating the underlying disease. If similar eruptions are to be prevented
in the future, we cannot content ourselves with simply removing the overt
manifestations of the disease. On the contratry, we must ferret out and
seek to correct the underlying factors which produced the unwelcome
phenomenon. We must discover the psychological streams which nourish this
destructtve state of mind in order that we may divert them into
channels which will permit a further evolution of our form of civilization.
The present study is concerned wholly with Adolph Hitler and the social
forces which impinged upon him in the course of his development and
produced the man we know. One may question the wisdom of studying the
psychology of a single individual if the present war represents a
rebellion by a nation against our civilization. To understand the one
does not tell us anything about the millions of others. In a sense this
is perfectly true. In the process of growing up we are all faced with
highly individual experiences and exposed to varying social influences.
The result is that when we mature
[Page 144]
no two of us are identical from a psychological point of view. In the
present instance, however, we are concerned not so much with distinct
individuals as with a whole cultural group. The members of this group
have been exposed to social influences, family patterns, methods of
training and education, opportunities for development, etc., which are
fairly homogeneous within a given culture or strata of a culture.
The result is that the members of a given culture tend to act, think
and feel more or less alike, at least in contrast to the members of a
different cultural group. This justifies, to some extent, our speaking
of a general cultural character. On the other hand, if a large section
of a given culture rebells against the traditional pattern then we must
assume that new social influences have been introducod which tend to
produce a type of character which cannot thrive in the old cultural
environment.
When this happens it may be extremely helpful to understand the nature
of the social forces which influenced the development of individual
members of the group. These may serve as clues to an understanding of
the group as a whole inasmuch as we can then investigate the frequency
and intensity of these same forces in the group as a whole and draw
deductions concerning their effect upon its individual members. If the
individual being studied happens to be the Ieader of the group, we can
expect to find the pertinent factors in an exaggerated form which
would tend to make them stand out in sharper relief than would be the
case if we studied an average member of the
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group. Under these circumstances, the action of the forces may be
more easily isolated and subjected to detailed study in relation to the
personality as whole as well as to the culture in general. The problem
of our study should be, then, not only whether Hitler is mad or not, but
what influences in his development have made him what he is.
If we scan the tremendous quantities of material and information which
have been accumulated on Hitler, we find little which is helpful in
explaining why he is what he is. One can, of course, make general
statements as many authors have done and say, for example, that his five
years in Vienna were so frustrating that he hated the whole social order
and is now taking his revenge for the injustices he suffered. Such
explanations sound very plausible at first glance but we would also
want to know why, as a young man, he was unwilling to work when he had
the opportunity and what happened to transform the lazy Vienna beggar
into the energetic politician who never seemed to tire from rushing
from one meeting to another and was able to work thousands of listeners
into a state of frenzy.
We would also like to know something about
the origins of his peculiar working habits at the present time, his
firm belief in his mission, and so on. No matter how long we study
the available material we can find no rational explanation of his
present conduct. The material is descriptive and tells us a great
deal about how he behaves under varying circumstances, what he thinks
and feels shout various subjects, but it does
[Page 146]
not tell us why. To be sure, he himself sometimes offers explanations
for his conduct but it is obvious that these are either built on flimsy
rational foundations or else they serve to push the problem further back
into his past. On this level we are in exactly the same position in
which we find ourselves when a neurotic patient first comes for help.
In the case of an individual neurotic patient, however, we can ask
for a great deal more first-hand information which gradually enables
us to trace the development of his irrational attitudes or behavioral
patterns to earlier experiences or influences in his life history
and the effects of these on his later behavior. In most cases the
patient will have forgotten these earlier experiences but nevertheless
he still uses them as premises in his present conduct. As soon as we
are able to understand the premises underlying his conduct, then his
irrational behavior becomes comprehensible to us.
The same finding would probably hold in Hitler's case except that
here we do not have the opportunity of obtaining the additional
first-hand information which would enable us to trace the history of
his views and behavioral patterns to their early origins in order to
discover the premises on which he is operating. Hitler's early life,
when his fundamental attitudes were undoubtedly formed, is a closely
guarded secret, particularly as far as he himself is concerned. He has
been extremely careful and has told us exceedingly little about this
period of his life and even that is open to serious
[Page 147]
questioning. A few fragments have, however, been, unearthed which
are helpful in reconstructing his past life and the experiences and
influences which have determined his adult character. Nevertheless,
in themselves, they would be wholly inadequate for our purposes.
Fortunately, there are other sources of information. One of them is
Hitler himself. In every utterance a speaker or writer unknowingly
tells us a great deal about himself of which he is entirely unaware.
The subjects he chooses for elaboration frequently reveal unconscious
factors which make these seem more important to him than many other
aspects which would be just as appropriate to the occasion. Furthermore,
the method of treatment, together with the attitudes expressed towards
certain topics, usually reflect conscious processes which are
symbolically related to his own problems. The examples he chooses for
purposes of illustration almost always contain elements from his own
earlier experiences which were instrumental in cultivating the view he
is expounding. The figures of speech he employs reflect unconscious
conflicts and linkages and the incidence of particular types or topics
can almost be used as a measure of his preoccupation with problems
related to them. A number of experimental techniques have been
worked out which bear witness to the validity of these methods of
gathering information about the mental life, conscious and unconscious,
of an individual in addition to the findings of psychoanalysts and
psychiatrists.
[Page 148]
Then, too, we have our practical experience in studying patients
whose difficulties were not unlike those we find in Hitler. Our
knowledge of the origins of these difficulties may often be used to
evaluate conflicting information, check deductions concerning what
probably happened, or to fill in gaps where no information is available.
It may be possible with the help of all these sources of information to
reconstruct the outstanding events in his early life which have
determined his present behavior and character structure. Our study must,
however, of necessity be speculative and inconclusive. It may tell us a
great deal about the mental processes of our subject but it cannot be as
comprehensive or conclusive as the findings of a direct study conducted
with the cooperatlon of the individual. Nevertheless, the situation is
such that even an indirect study of this kind is warranted.
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Psychological Analysis & Reconstruction
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